The documents provide a realistic portrayal of the organizational requirements and challenges of a construction project of such magnitude in the context of a pre-industrial society. The present study focuses on the analysis of the design and construction of the Twelve Apostles based on original documents currently held at the Archive of Simancas in Spain, shipbuilding treatises and manuscripts, and archaeological evidence. These galleons would became known as the Twelve Apostles. This decision marked the beginning of the largest shipbuilding program attempted in Spain until that moment. These galleons were to replace the losses that occurred after the failure of the Spanish Armada against England, since the chronic Spanish shortage of warships was aggravated by the loss of some of the best naval units. In November 1588, King Philip II of Spain ordered the construction of 12 new galleons of 500, 600, and 800 toneladas, four ships of each tonnage, specifically designed as warships. The Spanish galleon was designed in response to changes in Atlantic trade routes at the beginning of the 16th century when, as a result of Spanish transoceanic expansion, new and more specialized vessels were needed for both the coastal defense of Spain and its overseas territories, as well as to escort the oceanic fleets. A series of prototypes built in Spain in that century incorporated concepts and technological solutions from both the Mediterranean and the Atlantic maritime traditions, and became the basis for this new type of vessel.
more The development of the Spanish galleon as a specialized warship took place in Spain during the 16th century.
The development of the Spanish galleon as a specialized warship took place in Spain during the 16.
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